無縫方管的生產工藝

   ①熱(re)(re)軋無(wu)縫矩形管主要(yao)生產工(gong)序（主要(yao)檢(jian)驗工(gong)序）： 　　管坯準(zhun)備及(ji)檢(jian)查→管坯加(jia)熱(re)(re)→穿孔→軋管→荒管再加(jia)熱(re)(re)→定(ding)（減）徑→熱(re)(re)處理→成品管矯直→精(jing)整(zheng)→檢(jian)驗(無(wu)損、理化、臺(tai)檢(jian)) →入庫

   ②冷軋（拔）無縫矩形管(guan)主要生(sheng)產工序：坯料準備(bei)→酸洗潤滑→冷軋（拔）→熱處理→矯直→精整→檢(jian)驗

熱軋無(wu)縫矩形管的生產(chan)工藝

   無縫管(guan)(guan)(guan)方管(guan)(guan)(guan)用熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(約占80～90％)或(huo)(huo)冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)、冷(leng)拔(ba)（約占10～20％）方法生產。熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)用的(de)坯(pi)(pi)(pi)料有(you)圓形、方形或(huo)(huo)多(duo)邊(bian)形的(de)錠、軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)坯(pi)(pi)(pi)或(huo)(huo)連鑄管(guan)(guan)(guan)坯(pi)(pi)(pi)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)坯(pi)(pi)(pi)質量(liang)(liang)對管(guan)(guan)(guan)材質量(liang)(liang)有(you)直接的(de)影響。熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)三個基本工(gong)序：①在穿孔(kong)機(ji)(ji)上將錠或(huo)(huo)坯(pi)(pi)(pi)穿成(cheng)空心(xin)厚壁毛管(guan)(guan)(guan)；②在延(yan)伸機(ji)(ji)上將毛管(guan)(guan)(guan)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)薄，延(yan)伸成(cheng)為(wei)接近成(cheng)壁厚的(de)荒管(guan)(guan)(guan)；③在精軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)機(ji)(ji)上軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)成(cheng)所(suo)要求(qiu)的(de)成(cheng)品管(guan)(guan)(guan)。軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)機(ji)(ji)組系(xi)列(lie)以生產方管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)最大外徑來表示

輥式穿孔成型無縫矩形管的生產工藝(yi)

   穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)機(ji) 常用的二(er)輥斜(xie)軋穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)過程見圖2。圓(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)坯穿(chuan)(chuan)軋成空心的厚(hou)壁(bi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)（毛管(guan)(guan)(guan)），兩個軋輥的軸(zhou)線與軋制(zhi)線構成一個傾斜(xie)角(jiao)。近年來傾斜(xie)角(jiao)已由(you)6°～12°增至13°～17°,使穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)速度加快(kuai)。生產直徑250mm以上方(fang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)，采用二(er)次穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong),以減少毛管(guan)(guan)(guan)的壁(bi)厚(hou)。帶(dai)主動旋轉導盤(pan)穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)、帶(dai)后推力穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)、軸(zhou)向出料(liao)和循環(huan)頂焊(han)管(guan)(guan)(guan)方(fang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)新工藝也取(qu)得(de)一定的發(fa)展,從而強化了穿(chuan)(chuan)孔(kong)過程,改(gai)進(jin)了毛管(guan)(guan)(guan)質量。

連續熱軋無縫(feng)矩形(xing)管(guan)生產。

   連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)無縫矩形管(guan)(guan)生(sheng)產(chan) 生(sheng)產(chan)設備(bei)由穿孔(kong)機(ji)、連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)軋(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)機(ji)、張(zhang)力(li)(li)減(jian)(jian)徑(jing)(jing)機(ji)組(zu)成。工藝流程見(jian)圖1。圓坯穿成毛管(guan)(guan)后(hou)(hou)插入芯棒(bang)，通(tong)過7～9架軋(ya)(ya)輥軸線互呈90°配置的二輥式軋(ya)(ya)機(ji)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)。軋(ya)(ya)后(hou)(hou)抽芯棒(bang)，經再加熱(re)后(hou)(hou)進行張(zhang)力(li)(li)減(jian)(jian)徑(jing)(jing),可軋(ya)(ya)成長(chang)達(da)165m的方(fang)管(guan)(guan)。140mm連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)軋(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)機(ji)組(zu)年(nian)產(chan)40～60萬噸(dun)，為(wei)自(zi)動軋(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)機(ji)組(zu)的2～4倍。這種(zhong)機(ji)組(zu)的特點是(shi)適于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)外徑(jing)(jing)168mm以下方(fang)管(guan)(guan),設備(bei)投資大,裝機(ji)容量大,芯棒(bang)長(chang)達(da)30m,加工制(zhi)(zhi)造復(fu)雜(za)。70年(nian)代后(hou)(hou)期出現的限(xian)動芯棒(bang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)軋(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)機(ji)（MPM）,軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)時外力(li)(li)強制(zhi)(zhi)芯棒(bang)以小于(yu)方(fang)管(guan)(guan)速度運動，可改善金屬(shu)流動條(tiao)件(jian)，用短芯棒(bang)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)管(guan)(guan)和大口(kou)徑(jing)(jing)方(fang)管(guan)(guan)。

擠壓無縫矩形管生產

   擠(ji)壓(ya)無縫矩形管(guan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan) 首先(xian)將剝(bo)皮圓坯進(jin)行穿孔(kong)或擴孔(kong)，再經感應(ying)加熱(re)(re)或鹽浴(yu)加熱(re)(re)，并在內表面涂敷(fu)潤滑(hua)(hua)劑(ji)送入擠(ji)壓(ya)機,金屬通過模孔(kong)和芯棒之(zhi)間(jian)環狀間(jian)隙被擠(ji)成管(guan)材(cai)(圖5)。主要用于生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)低塑性的高(gao)溫合金管(guan)、異(yi)型管(guan)及復合管(guan)、有(you)色金屬管(guan)等。這種方法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)范圍(wei)廣，但產(chan)(chan)量低。近年來，由于模具材(cai)料、潤滑(hua)(hua)劑(ji)、擠(ji)壓(ya)速(su)度(du)等得到改(gai)進(jin)，擠(ji)壓(ya)管(guan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)也有(you)所(suo)發展。

冷拔、冷軋(ya)無縫矩形管生產。

   冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)拔(ba)(ba)無縫矩形(xing)(xing)管(guan)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan) 用于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)小口徑薄壁(bi)、精密(mi)和異形(xing)(xing)管(guan)材。生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)特點是(shi)多工序循(xun)環工藝(yi)。用周期式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)管(guan)機冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya),其(qi)延伸率可達6～8（圖6）。60年代開(kai)始(shi)向高速、多線、長行程、長管(guan)坯方向發展。此外，小輥(gun)式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)管(guan)機也得到發展。主要(yao)用于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)壁(bi)厚小于(yu)1mm極薄精密(mi)管(guan)材，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)設(she)備復雜，工具加(jia)工困難，品種規格(ge)變換不靈活(huo)；通常(chang)采用冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)、冷(leng)(leng)(leng)拔(ba)(ba)聯(lian)合工藝(yi)，即先(xian)以(yi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)減(jian)壁(bi)，獲得大(da)變形(xing)(xing)量，然后以(yi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)拔(ba)(ba)獲得多種規格(ge)。